The circuit was developed to produce a continuity tester with a low resistance mainly for checking the connections between soldered joints. Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) – a DC coupled high gain ...

Circuit simulations are great because you can experiment with circuits and make changes with almost no effort. In Circuit VR, we look at circuits using a simulator to do experiments without having to ...

Previous installments of this article series discussed the need to verify SPICE model accuracy and how to measure the output impedance, small-signal bandwidth, and input-referred errors of operational ...

Modeling the performance of an analog device with SPICE is one of the standard techniques used by circuit designers to perform initial characterization and performance analysis before putting together ...

My hands-on introduction to operational amplifiers was in 1969 while in the army as a junior scientist in the Atmospheric Science Laboratory at the White Sands Proving Grounds. We had taken a ...

Fig 1. This modified Wien-Bridge oscillator has three output states—high, low, and oscillation—that depend on the input voltage. It drives a bi-color LED to provide a visual indication of the input’s ...

b. The gain is set by VCC as the higher the supply voltage, the higher the gain. c. By the value of R3 as this resistor to ground sets the offset bias seen by the op-amp hence the gain. d. By the ...

Maybe you are familiar with the op-amp as an extremely versatile component, and you know how to quickly construct a huge variety of circuits with one. Maybe you even have a favorite op-amp or two for ...